Good morning, dear hearts!
I am on the lookout for pro-positive stories about foster care & adoption, as I’m a Prospective Adoptive Mum. I’ll be adopting from (domestic) foster care here in the United States – which is important to mention, as this conversation is going to discuss the unique differences between the *UK!* and the *US!* foster and adoptive situations children & youth are facing today.
I hadn’t realised the contrast in services was as widely different between the two countries, although I had heard from British friends it is harder to adopt in England than it is for an American. They were even open to the idea of adoption but ran into a lot of obstacles therein and never pursued it further. This revelation came to me in my early twenties (early 2000s) – to where I did start to research adoption law & services as well as the situation with foster care youth who are waiting for adoption in four countries of interest: Canada, the United States, the UK (specifically, England) and Australia.
It was through that particular block of research I uncovered that British Columbia (Western Canada) was focusing on older teens to be adopted whereas Australia wanted to find a more universal compact agreement for all English speaking countries (focusing on the ones I’ve just mentioned) to where adoptive parents could in theory seek to adopt children across these combined channels. By extension, instead of simply having an ‘interstate compact’ agreement within the United States, it was a pitch to have an international compact agreement with those four countries.
One of the hardest aspects of pursuing adoption is knowing how many children are waiting to be matched with families. Between the Heart Galleries (a special collection of foster children & youth awaiting for a family to adopt them; this includes children of all religious & ethnic backgrounds, medical conditions, single children and sibling groups) which are focused on regions within a state or are a state collection of waiting children (as smaller states tend to consolidate their Heart Galleries) to the videos on YouTube where foster youth are talking about having their adoption plan active & waiting for their matched family.
Even local news stations reach out with their Wednesday Child sequences of focus where a youth who is awaiting to be adopted has a chance to visually tell a bit of their story, who they are and what they are hoping to find in an adoptive family. Some of those are also available to see on YouTube and some states also allow their waiting foster care children and/or siblings to create videos to gain more exposure to who is waiting as families are now starting to explore the interstate compact option more often than in the past.
This is an option to adopt a child who does not live within your own state but is located somewhere in the United States (including Alaska or Hawaii and Guam) where you have the option of adopting them across state lines by working with your home state agency and the state where the child resides to bring them home to the state you have residency. The process is a bit longer than seeking a child to adopt in-state however, you are giving a child or a sibling group a gift of hope to there are families out there seeking children who live in a different region than they do.
As you read this conversation, you will become introduced to a few of those differences between the two countries – however, this is also a conversation which focuses on how the world within “Being A Witch” was developed and what readers can expect next within the series as this is only the first installment. I was quite thankful Ms Pascoe was open & welcoming to discuss the key components of not just her story but of the foster/adoptive services between both our countries.
As always, my conversations are best enjoyed with your favourite cuppa, a comfy place to sit and a curiosity about the series at hand! IF your cuppa involves tea, kindly let me know what your current favourite brew is below the conversation!
After a life of hurt and disappointment, Raya, the spiky-haired, Doc Marten-wearing 14-year-old decides it’s time to strike out on her own. She leaves the boring English village and what she’s determined will be her last foster placement for the excitement of London. But it turns out she’s a witch, with the annoying habit of time-traveling – by accident. And a sarcastic witch’s cat Oscar tags along for the ride. Why would she fling herself into the midst of the Essex Witch Trials in 1645 England?
After being arrested by one of history’s most notorious witch hunters, her social worker and witch mentor Bryony goes back to try to save them from the gallows. But returning to present day London remains out of reach when they find themselves in Istanbul in the year 1645. There, life is more amazing than she ever dreamed.
What inspired you to create the back-story of Raya’s character to be a foster youth? And, how did you want this part of her life to be a key component of how she views her life and her identity?
Pascoe responds: During my career as a psychologist, I often worked with foster kids, and their situations always moved me. This is my tribute of love and respect to foster kids everywhere. To be ripped from your original family, even if it was not a good place to be is very hard. And kids always feel like they are to blame – that if only they were somehow more loveable, ‘better’ kids, their parents would have been able to cope and they never would have had to leave. On top of this, your foster placement is never an absolute sure thing. Foster kids know this all too well. If they are too much of a pain or strain on the foster family, they will be moved to another family. Can you imagine having to worry that if your are just that bit too naughty, you’ll be kicked out? Usually kids just have to worry about getting their game time taken away or other punishment, not losing your home.
If your foster parents have kids of their own, it’s rare that they treat you all the same – after all the adults are only human, too. There are a zillion adults and meetings in your life. There’s a social worker for you, another for the foster parents. You may have mandated visits with your biological family who are likely working towards getting you back – another thing in your young life that is up in the air. All this makes it very complicated to relax, and let yourself get attached to the foster carers, even if you wanted to.
The reason being in care is a key component in Raya’s life and identity is because just like for all of us, our family experiences are indeed key to our identities and how we view the world, even if it’s in our rebelling against them. So, it’s no different for a foster kid. Just what they have as their sum total of family experience will be different than those who stayed put in the first family they were either born or adopted into. It’s only natural that being a foster kid for the last nine of her fourteen years would loom large in Raya’s experience.
I have heard of this even on this side of the Pond – where foster families with biological children do not often treat their foster children with equality in comparison to their own children. It breaks my own heart and spirit hearing those kinds of statistics as I can’t even imagine how you could do something like that to a foster child or youth. I also have overheard conversations in my local community (especially around Christmas) where someone is shopping for children and I didn’t think twice about what I was overhearing – until I heard them saying “its just for foster kids” – to which was referring to the fact they didn’t need to focus on what they purchased as the child they were giving it to was not important in their eyes. I not only visually cringed but I had to leave the store.
What gives me the most hope are some outreach opportunities in my community where you can purchase gifts for foster youth (especially at Christmas) based on the feedback their social workers are receiving from them. Sometimes I question some of the items their requesting as they would in theory be items I would feel should be inclusive to their subsidiary stipends but are the most requested items depending if their a girl or boy which makes your heart hurt.
I also know their used to choosing between Christmas and their birthday – to having only one per year and some years trade them off. I can’t even imagine having to be asked that by a foster parent – because even if you couldn’t do a lot on either day, there are local resources to give aide but even without them, you could make those days individually special if you thought creatively about how to make a child or youth happy on both days. Again, I do question how this is possible when stateside there are stipends for the children for their regularly needs and personal care. Even post-adoption, some children still receive those stipends and adoptive families use those monies towards the needs of the child. It boggles me how there seems to be a gap in their needs and the monies being provided.
Some of the similarities between the two countries is the team behind the foster child/youth, the biological family and the prospective adoptive family. There are a lot of people in contact with everyone involved – however, the adoptive families only get involved stateside if an adoption plan is generated for the child, youth or sibling group – which I’ll talk about in a moment. This is true of children legally free for adoption and those who are legally at-risk where their parental rights are not yet terminated but are expected.
I definitely agree about how the experience of being in foster care is going to directly affect a persona’s outlook on life, their internalisation of their own character and person and how they are able to socialise and reach out to others. I would readily believe there are lasting impressions of foster care – from psychological and sociological impacts – to where trust and the willingness to reach out to others might not come as readily easily as it might to children raised in their biological homes due to how disruptive and emotionally jarring foster care is on children.
About placement – not just in foster care but also pre-adoptive placements can also backfire – to where foster care children and youth are not just relocating from one foster home to another but they could in theory be in more than one adoptive placement home as well. This is one reason why I appreciate the outreach, the charities and the work of volunteers to try to make their lives a bit easier and a bit better. Just to know people out here care about them and are supporting them.
The young man who grew up on the series “The Fosters” – he played the character Jude; created a charity for foster youth to where instead of having only a garbage bag to carry your clothes and belongings between foster homes and placements, he developed a duffel bag they can take with them instead. To me, it was most remarkable not just for the insight he had but for how simple it is to change someone’s life by giving them something they need like a duffel bag.
A lot of your story involves the concept of ‘found family’ and of choosing to be with people who you feel are a good influence on you and/or are there to support you unconditionally. How did you develop this focus of the story and how important was it to show the differences between when Raya sought out ‘family’ and the families she was placed with in foster care?
Pascoe responds: Found family is very important to me, as my parents both had profound personality disorders and were not able to parent me emotionally. I was lucky in having a naturally outgoing personality and made a lot of cherished friends, often spending time with their families too. Teachers at school, and my first violin teacher, Mrs. Alice Smiley were also invaluable to my early emotional life, as were my grandmother and great aunt.
So, I personally had the experience that it indeed does take a village to raise a child. Our brains are very undeveloped when we’re born. And their normal development is dependent on the environmental stimulation which literally drives brain development. Attachment is the foremost, and first system to develop in babies’ brains, driven by the relationship with the main adults in the child’s life. And the development of the emotional attachment system, in turn drives the rest of brain development.
At the end of the day, parents are only human beings and we all have our foibles. This is why letting kids have good relationships with others is so important. Our emotional development and well-being are too important to rely on the vagaries of just two very human beings.
Now, Raya’s relationships with her foster and found families are also impacted by her history. She is very emotionally wounded by her past – removed from her mother, then her grandfather followed by her grandmother both died all by the time she was five. So, for Raya, getting a taste of what she can’t always even admit to herself she craves, love, also brings up the complicated and sad emotions around losing her people in the past. Without giving too much away, you see this in the story. Raya has push me – pull you relationship with the foster carer she’s with when the story opens because it’s hard for her to let the love in. Things start to change across the story.
I love finding ‘found families’ in fiction – as I know this was true of my friends and classmates who might not have had as close-knit of a family as I had myself – they did as you did – they sought out the people who were good to have in a tight circle within reach whenever they needed them and found support in alternative ways. Sometimes certain friends can feel more like family than friends as well – I think a lot of us have our own ‘found family’ at different intervals of our lives especially if we’ve loved and lost most of our family before we reached twenty-five. At some point, reaching out to others and curating a new ‘family’ to have in your life is not just a necessity but it also gives back so much to your spirit and to the people who bring into your life.
The reason I think it is important to show these kinds of families – is because of how important it is to represent this side of our lives. Sometimes fiction only shows the regular organic ways in which you find your friends and/or use traditional routes of exploring the concept of ‘family’ without taking an alternative perspective or route therein. Thereby, I felt your instincts for setting the foundation of this series was right on point and one which readers might respond to as being one that is representing life ‘today’.
I am definitely looking forward to reaching this part within “Being A Witch” to where I’ll know full circle more about Raya’s journey and her responses to what is happening within her life thus far along.
I wanted to preface this part of the convo by saying, initially when I received the author’s response I was a bit confused by her replies. i reached out to her for a follow-up about this particular question & the responses given – thereby, I’ll be breaking this down for my readers & sharing what i learnt as we dug a bit deeper into this topic.
as you read this section – know Ms pascoe is discussing the uk adoption laws & i am referring to the united states.
Raya had a difficult view on foster care – was an adoption plan overlooked for her or was it something she didn’t want and thereby it wasn’t focused on? I was a bit confused on that one aspect of her life in foster homes as I know she had the attitude that she shouldn’t get too comfortable in a placement because the foster parents don’t have an obligation to her past a certain age – I suppose I was just curious what inspired this reaction in her and why you wanted to show her trying to make it on her own outside of the system?
Pascoe responds: All that you describe are the realities of foster care. Foster carers for the most part, do not adopt the children they care for. And of course, it would not be up to a five-year old whether or not she was adopted. On top of that, five is ‘too old’ for adoption, in that once a child is no longer an infant, the chances of adoption go way down – exponentially. People want to adopt infants. Just like kittens and puppies are the easiest to adopt out from shelters. But on top of all this, a child is only up for adoption if the birth parents have lost custody. Raya’s mother has a serious mental illness, but that alone would not necessarily be reason enough for her mother to lose her parental rights.
When you mentioned children five and older are not easily adopted – that is in theory only partially true as here in the states they have the Wendy’s Kids programme and others like it which are championing older children placement for adoption. Though this programme is more well-known – the key ages most difficult are the teen years, from thirteen to eighteen which is why they oft-times are seeking older parents, such as those who are in the grandparent age group to seek out the teens as a) they’ve most likely have raised their own children and b) are in a different place in life to where they could give back to the teenagers. Secondly, I have seen an increase in parents aged 35+ to early 60s who are also seeking older children for adoption.
Yes it is true infants are generally preferred (to some) I haven’t seen in my research nor my enquiries where prospective parents are being turnt away from seeking school aged children nor have I seen a decrease in parents seeking school aged children; if anything, there are a lot of us who are doing this across the board. Again, by my own research and through speaking to social workers and/or adoption specialists.
Aging out of the system. When you are a foster child, you are a ward of a government agency (usually city or county). When you reach eighteen, you are a legal adult, and the government no longer has responsibility for you. And the foster carers will not be paid to care for you after you reach eighteen. (Being a foster parent is also a paid job, but hopefully not your biggest motivation for doing it.) So, at age eighteen you can be catapulted out of your foster placement, into living on your own, and supporting yourself. This also means you may not have anywhere to go for Thanksgiving, the holidays, or just a dreary Sunday when you’d like some company.
In more recent years, transition programs have been put in place in some areas. In these, there is an option for the eighteen-year-old to continue living with the foster family for a few more years. But, there is no obligation on the part of the foster family to agree to this. In my experience, usually they don’t.
Again, foster kids know this. It is not a surprise dumped on them a few months before their eighteenth birthdays. And how weird is that, being raised by people you may not see much of or at all once you’re a legal adult?
The main reason I asked the question is because children here are asked if they want to seek an adoption plan – meaning, they are asked if they want to seek out parents to adopt them once their biological parents have lost their parental rights. Here in the states, most of the children I am finding in Heart Galleries and/or are available to be adopted are ‘not legally at risk’ [meaning their parental rights are still intact and are in the process of being lost in the courts] but rather are legally free to be adopted as those rights were taken previously.
I am not sure which age they begin to ask the children (overall) but most of the people I’ve spoken with have mentioned they try to ask the children honest questions about what they feel about foster placements vs adoptive placements if their particular path is heading towards that option or if it is going in that direction, if they’d prefer a group home setting, a permanent foster placement or if they want to go the opposite route entirely and seek independent living.
This is why I was asking the question – I thought Raya was old enough in the story to have had that discussion with her social worker – though in truth the part I had reached in the story-line whilst developing this interview hadn’t gone too far past the first several chapters — but I knew she was not on good terms with her social worker, so that in part could have played a role in not having an open discussion about the options she’d have available to her.
as a follow-up – Ms pascoe mentioned to me foster children in the uk are not asked about their feelings on being adopted until the moment arrives in their life where adoption is possible vs how this is dealt with in the states where children can express they want to pursue an adoption plan and for families to seek out those who are waiting to be adopted.
One of the areas we both agree with is when foster youth age out of the system directly – there isn’t a lot in place to help them even on this side of the Pond. Some plan ahead and either go into college or try to seek an independent living option – as there are some transitional housing options but those houses are with limited spaces to accept foster children and sometimes have a longer wait list than attempting to get into a four year college with a dorm room. I don’t know what the overall solution is to helping aged-out fosters but if you had to contemplate it – it will break your heart because what do you do when your eighteen without a family and without a way to ‘make it’ on your own? I know some do end up in emergency housing and others can end up in homeless shelters – the rest? I have seen documentaries about some having to live on the streets and of course, statistically it is very disheartening overall.
likewise, when it came to re-addressing raya’s life within the confines of the story, ms pascoe shared this takeway with me which relates to this question:
Raya has a complicated relationship with her social worker, foster carer and others – I hope, as you listen to the story further, it becomes clearer that Raya’s complex feelings about her social worker and other people are not so much to do with the people themselves, but more because of Raya’s past. The wounds Raya carries from her early life make letting other people in difficult for her.
When we first meet Raya she is alternatively dressed and likes to live an alternative life in regards to clothes and make-up choices – however, very soon after she discards those choices and tries to be more mainstream. I was curious what prompted the choice to mainstream Raya rather than to show she could still be uniquely different but could also find her own footing in society?
Pascoe responds: Raya ran away and did not want to be found. So, she immediately changed her distinctive look of short, spikey jet-black dyed hair, piercings and emo make-up. That way, she would be less likely to match any descriptions or pictures distributed when people were looking for her.
Somehow I had a different takeaway and interpretation of this choice of changing her style – as I was listening to the story, it seemed like there was something else motivating the changes and I was looking forward to re-listening to see if as I heard this the first time round for this interview, if by chance I overlooked or misheard something rather keen to be more in-line with what the author is now describing.
How did you approach writing a bewitching time travelling story for Young Adults? What did you want to give readers in this lovely mash of genres and story elements?
Pascoe responds: First and foremost, this is a story that took root in my imagination. It’s great fun, as once a story takes hold, bits of it come to me as I’m going about my day. Something will happen that triggers me thinking about the story, and I often build in parts of it that way. I also wanted to share this coming of age story, and that it is possible to heal from the wounds that life has given any of us (or at least find work-arounds), with the backdrop of a good, rollicking, time-travelling adventure. I also wanted to show that you can still have rich, meaningful, lives full of interesting and valuable experiences, even if you, and your life aren’t perfect. None of us can afford to wait for ‘perfect.’ And perfect is dull!
I definitely agree that the best moment for a writer is when their imagination is inspired to tell a story – that is the beauty of our process as writers. We can take the seed of inspiration and see where the words start to knit the story on the page. I also liked the concept behind your inspiration to stem from showing a story about personal growth, self-healing and the capacity to find a ‘tomorrow built in the happiness of the everyday’ without everything resolved or on even ground as life will always have a wench to through in your wheel as we all have everyday strife and stress. Definitely a good story to have in YA Lit but also an inspiring nod towards how we endeavour to find the little joys whenever life turns adverse.
The cat in the story immediately made me think of Salem from the “Sabrina” tv series starring Melissa Joan Hart; I was curious how you developed the cheekiness of the humour within the story and what inspired your cat to talk?
Pascoe responds: I was an only child and always an animal lover. I used to wander into packs of stray dogs and just hang out, putting my mother into a state of apoplexy because she was afraid of dogs and couldn’t get me out! (She’d have to go get help.) I’ve had one dog and have always had cats. I often imagine what they’re thinking and would say if they could. Oscar’s personality is also a channelling of my dear, belated, uncle John Goldsmith but with less swearing. I miss him.
You had me giggle a bit when you mentioned you toned down the personality quirks of the cat to be more reflective of the target audience of “Being A Witch”! I must admit, I do oft wonder about what my own cats are thinking – their expressions give you clues but not the fuller picture and I loved how you used that innate curiosity we all have about animals to develop this character’s personality.
What was something you found the most interesting when you were researching the historical past to insert into your timeline of the story? Was there something especially challenging or just something surprising?
Pascoe responds: I was especially surprised at how different life was in England compared to the Ottoman Empire in 1645. In England, the average life-span was only sixteen years old, the water was so full of germs you had to drink ale, toilets were outside, and baths were few and far between. The English Revolution, also called the Civil Wars were going on and the crops had been poor for a few years so there wasn’t enough food. Germ theory hadn’t been discovered yet, and people truly believed being angry at someone could hurt or even kill them. Women and men who did not own land had few rights.
Now, let me give you a quick tour of 1645 Istanbul (called Constantinople by Europeans). There was hot and cold running water, toilets, free food for the poor, free medical care for people and even animals. Istanbul was the most diverse city of it’s time. Women had rights including to own a business and to bring cases to court In fact quite a few European women ran away from abusive or otherwise bad situations, even if they had money, in order to live in Istanbul. There are some fascinating diaries of such women.
In sum, England at the time was primitive and backwards compared to the Muslim Ottoman Empire. Don’t get me wrong, there were awful aspects as well, like slavery and castration of young men to work in the Palace. But like Katip Celebi points out in the story, no culture is perfect, and it is dangerous to fall blindly in love with any, even if it is yours.
I learnt a bit about the back-history your referring to about the Ottoman Empire when I attempted to read a novel about the Jinn. I was thankful I could interview the author as well – who filled me in with more distinctive trivia and information about this period of time in history. I know a bit about the germ warfare and the back-histories of how personal hygiene issues and just overall cleanliness was a main concern during the 17th Century. I can see why you shifted the story to this period of history but also to the setting and location. I loved learning about Constantinople in my early history classes in elementary and middle school – the whole sequencing of older empires and how certain regions of the world were more advanced than others truly inspired me. It is such a curiosity how that even happened and how those societies evolved at a faster rate than others. And, like you said – there was always a negative within the positive but then is there any era without its heartaches?
As this is the first story in a series – how many installments do you foresee covering Raya’s story and will any supporting characters have a story highlighting their own journey as well?
Pascoe responds: I hope to right at least one sequel one prequel. The sequel will continue with Raya after she leaves herself in the predicament at the end of the book. She will go to Witching Academy, learn how to get her powers under control, live through the usual stuff that high school brings – boys, thinking her boobs are too small, or something else isn’t right, while also stumbling onto evil goings on where she lives in London, and has to decide if she should get involved, or if can resist.
I also want to right a prequel about Oscar the cat and how he came to be drained of all his power and colours by a witch gone bad. The witch gone bad is Bryony, the social worker’s mother, who is also a famous but fake TV psychic – in this way abusing her own powers.
I haven’t even reached this part of the story-line yet – where there is a Witching Academy – so I am truly looking forward to learning more about that! Yes, yes – definitely write a prequel about the cat! I’d love to know what befell his natural magic and how he has to live a more subdued life! I hope the prequel also becomes an audiobook – as a lot of times those go into digital release for ebooks only. It would be fascinating to ‘hear’ his story as well.
What do you love the most about writing stories for Young Adults and of writing Speculative Fiction?
Pascoe responds: It’s great fun! Speculative fiction is great fun because you don’t have to limit yourself to the natural laws of science. Although you do need to make your fictitious world consistent so that people can let themselves believe in it and go with the flow of the story. I like writing for Young Adults because I find people in that age range are often more open-minded, more hopeful about the world, and more incensed at the injustice and wrongs they see in the world. Young people can be more refreshing to interact with. Of course older people can be lovely too, but some of us get cynical and pessimistic.
Definitely, true! SpecLit allows us to re-imagine the world and the components of the world in uniquely different ways. I think that is another reason why I love being a writer within these realms as well – though I do dance through genres as a writer as I move into genres as readily as a story alights in my head to be written. A bit like how my blog is a full representation of who I am as a reader it is also a nod to the stories I am attracted to write as a writer.
Also true – if you don’t make the bridge and gap between fiction and reality a well-thought out organisation you can be removed from the world itself. World-building is so dearly important – especially to me as a reader as I have experienced what your talking about – where the world isn’t built as sturdy as it could be and then you find yourself removed questioning what had happened – I can’t remember off hand which stories fall in that category but whenever it happens it is disappointing.
I think the best way to address our outlooks as adults is to focus on how we set our individual responses and attitudes. If we choose to be optimistic and to focus on what is positive, there is less of a chance of turning pessimistic and cynical. It isn’t always easy but if we are mindful of our thoughts, our actions and our response signals – we might in effect change our perception and perspective on how to react to live as it evolves.
When you’re not researching and writing your stories what uplifts your soul the most?
Pascoe responds: I’m involved in anti-oil activism where I live in the beautiful beach town, Bournemouth on the south coast of England. Despite our award-winning beaches and being near the only natural World Heritage site in England, the Jurassic Coast, the Government saw fit to allow an oil rig right in the middle of our beach front. This has brought lots of people together to put a stop to it. I’m working with a wonderful group of activists where the whole is most definitely greater than the sum of the parts, and I find this exhilarating. The work is in turns frightening and invigorating because of what’s at stake, from an oil spill that would ruin our community and economy for decades to come, and global warming more generally from extracting yet more fossil fuel. And none of us know how the story will end.
I have no words… there are so many environmentally disheartening issues right now it is hard to know what to focus on to combat them. It takes communities like yours to set to right what is going wrong and to take a firm stand against the injustice of what is happening round us to destroy the fragile balance we all have in our local environs. I understand the frustration and the angst on this issue as it is a key issue stateside as well.
About Sara Pascoe
Sara Pascoe comes to writing after a career in psychology, where she had many wonderful experiences, from the chimp house to the halls of Congress, with neuroscience research in between. Originally from the United States, she moved to Great Britain in 2004. She lives in Bournemouth, on the southern coast of England where they run a B&B for English language students.
This author interview is courtesy of: Audiobookworm Promotions
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I’d like to take a moment to thank Ms Pascoe for not just answering my questions about this story but for being open & welcoming towards answering my questions about foster care & adoption from a UK to US perspective whilst providing a conversation about how the differences between both countries is far greater in scope than I first believed.
Similar to blog tours where I feature book reviews, as I choose to highlight an author via a Guest Post, Q&A, Interview, etc., I do not receive compensation for featuring supplemental content on my blog. I provide the questions for interviews and topics for the guest posts; wherein I receive the responses back from publicists and authors directly. I am naturally curious about the ‘behind-the-scenes’ of stories and the writers who pen them; I have a heap of joy bringing this content to my readers.
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